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How to Write Essay Outline

In process of writing essay the ideas begin pouring in day in & out. Thus, you have to keep running log, so you will incorporate same in outline. When filling up gaps, make sure to maintain synchronized form of essay writing with right transitional words as well as phrases. Vital information should not get missed out and basic objective of outline is reminding author what requires to get mentioned in essay as well as what is not very important. Normally when writing essay author sees important information as well as develops essay around some important points, instead of filling up pages with unimportant, vague paragraphs as well as phrases. Some drafts are been scripted before final draft is been finalized.

System of writing essay lies in fact that you as author are scripting your thoughts & views to give to audience. Therefore what you present as well as how you do that depends on outline, which you have structured at very beginning. Regardless of format of essay, outline has to get formulated in coherent manner so you will fall back on same for reference as well as to verify in case you have missed-out on anything. In order to get more through knowledge of same you may look for help from professors and mentors. They are in position to provide you good guidance on how you can prepare outline. However whatever you do at end of you have to do it on own.

In process of knowing how you can write essay outline, primary scope generally depends on type of essay you are writing. Final structure will lie in final draft that you may modify in due course. Take proper care of introduction and body of essay that can highlight main idea and theme of essay. Conclusion can give summary of what you already have mentioned in the essay.

Strategy is making essay interesting so audience will find it intriguing as well as thought provoking. As novice you cannot work on all these lines, however as you mature in writer it is a practiced step for writing effective essay. This type of approaching problem is very effective as well as is used to determine solutions for some other problems. As writer you can approach root cause of problem as well as when you will write you can combine these features to make effective essay. Essay on subject respect can provide some ways as well a means of advising essence of little respect to others. Also you can provide some solutions, however this doesn’t mean you have to make stand on that. Rather it can give feasible solutions applicable however before jotting down all these solutions ensure you have analyzed steps very carefully as well as are aware of effect. You should be persuasive to prove point to readers and solutions must backed by the logical, ethical as well as emotional content in peoples’ mind. Essay on respect is considered as ethics paper in place of educational one. Thus, essay plan is compulsory to make sure you show some respect to instructions in essay.

College Papers

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In his famous play Hamlet Shakespeare investigates dependence between influence and free will. Hamlet finds himself trapped by life circumstances. He can not forget his mother’s quick marriage after his father’s death. His father’s ghost appears in from of Hamlet eyes appealing: “Do not forget. This visitation is to whet thy almost blunted purpose,” (83-84). In the beginning of the play, Hamlet is eager to revenge. Perseverance to fulfill his revenge determines all his actions.  Revenge makes him blind but soon he turns to reflections. Hamlet is an extraordinary personality with a rich controversial inner world. Being an educated person, he can not follow someone’s will blindly. He wants to make his own decisions, “thinking too precisely on the event” (IV, iv, 41).  He looses confidence in his revenge as soon as he starts reflecting on the subject. He feels grief, love and a wish to revenge at the same time. He is confused and can not resolve the situation himself. He gets through a number of significant life stages in the play which teach him something all the time. The hatred that lives in Hamlet’s heart, all in all, leads him to his demise and it may seem that he is left with nothing. “Throughout the play Hamlet goes through several different stages of life, constantly being in a tortured mental state, caught between love, grief, and vengeance. His different states of mind are the result of his controversial personality and his ability to objectively analyze any situation” (Hurstfield, 112). His inner stage changes from perseverance to doubts and back.   Hamlet is eager to follow the will of his father but his own wishes and desires to not correspond to what his father’s ghost persuades him to do.

Inner conflict becomes so difficult for the protagonist that he even wants to end up his life in order not to make this difficult choice. Shakespeare does not use words such as “death” or “suicide” but chooses a form of narration which can be  interpreted by readers in different ways so every person can have his or her own interpretation. Hamlet is disappointed in life but at the same time he is afraid of death. His life experience made him gloomy and pessimistic. He suffers in his life and realizes that sufferings are an inevitable part of life. He can describe his past life experience only with pain: “the slings and arrows, the thousand natural shocks, the sea of troubles, the heart-ache” (IV, 45). However, his thoughts about death are also gloomy. He is afraid of the uncertainty because death is always a mystery for people.

Despite all disappointments in life Hamlet cannot accept death. It can be  eternal sleep without any thoughts and problems: “To die, to sleep; No more.” On the other hand, death can be even worse than life. Hamlet feels that it can bring even more sufferings than life. What is more frightening is that there is no way back and if he decides to end his life and meet death he will never be able to change anything. This assumption confuses him:

But that the dread of something after death,
The undiscover’d country from whose bourn
No traveller returns, puzzles the will  (III, 78-80).

These reflections over death and life and sufferings which follow Hamlet everywhere presents his as a confused character. He can not choose any actions at all. He can not revenge, he can not kill himself. Hamlet is so much afraid to loose control over his own life that he finally looses it because of his own reflections. Hamlet is suspicious of everything and everybody. He is afraid to become an object of manipulation and questions everything. At the same time after some time he starts realizing the reasons of his inability to act : “I do not know why yet I live to say ‘This thing’s to do;’ sith I have cause and will and strength and means to do it” (IV, iv 43-6).

Hamelt is an example of dramatic character who cannot understand life and find his place on the Earth. The image of the main character becomes absolutely clear through this speech. Hamlet is thorn between two extreme points: perseverance and death (Gordon et al, 2004). He hesitates, overthinks everything and cannot make a clear decision:

“Whether ’tis nobler in the mind to suffer

The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune

Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,

And by opposing end them”

Two things keep Hamlet from committing a suicide: fear of death and uncertainty that waits for him after it and the wish to revenge for his father’s death. Uncertainty and confusion are two words which can characterize all his life. Even when he decides to revenge for his father’s death and kill Claudius he does not use his chance. He doest not have enough persistence to revenge.  He got lost in his eternal thoughts about useless life, sufferings and pain. He is not able to see the world in a new perspective and cannot get out from the web of fear, darkness and pain which he himself created. This life will never satisfy him because he does not want to change his position. If he chooses death, all his sufferings and complains will disappear. He will not  have to think about revenge – Claudius and his mother – it will not  be necessary to take difficult decision. Nevertheless, he cannot take a decision and end his life. That is, probably, the most difficult one and Hamlet is not ready for it.    The question “to be or not to be” and the entire monologue become an attempt of the protagonist to choose between two different system of beliefs and outlooks.  It is definitely that Hamlet can not meet difficulties and complications of life face to face. He has not enough courage to struggle. This are the characteristic features of his attitude to life.  At the same time his inability to act has another explanations. Revenge is not inner move of Hamlet. This idea was given to him by his father’s ghost. In the beginning Hamlet is eager to revenge but later he thinks over all he has to do and does not find true desire to fulfill this revenge. Internal conflict becomes so tense that it totally blocks Hamlet’s will and actions. Hamlet looses perseverance in his actions and also looses confidence in all people who surround him. His constant reflections do not let him to make any actions. At the same time he is not able to forget about the will of his father. Being not able neither to forget nor to fulfill the last will of his father Hamlet becomes trapped in the situation and finally looses control over his life.

Works Cited

Hurstfield, Joel, and James Sutherland. Shakespeare’s World. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1964

Shakespeare, William, Hamlet. Editor, William Farnham; Penguin Books, 1970.

Gordon D. Faustberg, David Grey, Gigi Bach, Ramita Mano, Hamlet: The 1-hour Guidebook : an Illustrated Guide for Mastering Shakespeare’s Greatest Play, Bermond, 2004

One of the most successful modern English writers is J.K. Rowling. She is known all over the world. Her books about Harry Potter, which are read by children of different countries and of different ages, have become the bestsellers.

“Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone” is my favorite modern book. But most of my friends dislike it and the whole series. I wondered why? Then I noticed: those, who read the Russian version of the book, dislike it; those, who read it in English, like it very much. So, what’s the difference? I read the English version and decided to look through the Russian one. I discovered in it that there is only a paraphrase of events; the charm of the original book is missing. So the Russian version is only a ghost of the original.

J.K. Rowling has written a good book for children. I don’t think she expected it to become something great or important. She simply collected together all the attributes of a good book for kids, all the features, which modern children like. The characters are taken from the real life. These are people whom the writer remembers from her childhood.

J. K. Rowling’s Harry Potter novels begin when the orphaned British 10-year-old discovers he has a magical heritage and enters Hogwarts School to learn how to be a wizard. With each book, Harry and his classmates age a year, and with each year the record-breaking success of the series grows. In September 1999, Harry Potter even made the cover of Time magazine, which called the phenomenon “one of the most bizarre and surreal in the annals of publishing.” When the movie of Rowling’s first book opened in the fall of 2001, it took in a then record-shattering $90.3 million in its first weekend.

As Richard Bernstein said in The New York Times, the Harry Potter stories are fairly conventional, and “not nearly as brilliant or literary as, say, The Hobbit or the Alice in Wonderland books.” The explanation for their popularity, he suggests, can be found in Bruno Bettelheim’s classic study of children’s literature, The Uses of Enchantment. The essence of Bettelheim’s theory is that children live with greater terrors than most adults can understand, and that the classic fairy tales help express that terror while showing a way to a better future. In effect, J. K. Rowling’s novels fill a basic need for children everywhere and for the child in every adult.

That seems quite sound. But there is also the fact that Rowling has a degree of whimsicality not to be found in Tolkien, C. S. Lewis, or her other antecedents. She is much closer to L. Frank Baum’s Wizard of Oz series in that regard. And she has a sense of humor tuned to her era. Thus, Harry’s school supplies include “one plain pointed hat (black) for day wear.” Mail at the school is delivered by owls of different sizes, including “tiny scops owls (‘Local Deliveries Only’).” And exams at Hogwarts include practical tests, like making a pineapple tap-dance across a desk and turning a mouse into a snuffbox, “with points given for how pretty the snuffbox was, but taken away if it had whiskers.”

As if the books weren’t enough, the success of the first two Harry Potter movies has created an instant and undoubtedly quite durable “franchise.” One can only hope that the sly wit, the charm, and the childlike wonder of Rowling’s books won’t get lost to the evils of commercialism. On the other hand, with Coca-Cola alone paying $150 million for the exclusive global marketing rights to the first movie, one might as well go wish upon a star. As Business Week put it, it’s “Harry Potter and the Tower of Profits.”

The woman who has become one of the most popular and prolific of all English detective novelists, Agatha Christie (1891-1976), largely, it would seem, by virtue of the skilfully engineered complexity of her plots.

Agatha Christie is one of the best known and most widely-read writers of all times. Her books have delighted readers over for more than half a century. She is the most widely-translated British author in the world in addition to her great success as a best-selling novelist, Agatha Christie also wrote the longest-running play in the history of modern theatre. The mousetrap and originally written as a radio play, It opened in London in 1952 and is still running today. She is also well-known for a number of other plays and dramatization of her novels and short stories, and has written two books of poetry, six novels of romance under the pseudonym Marry Westmacott.

Agatha Christie’s best-known works are: The Mysterious Affair at Styles, The ABC Murders, Crooked House, Murder in the Calais Coach, The Seven Dials Mystery and others.

Agatha Christie’s novel The Murder of Roger Ackroyd is considered to be one of her best works. This novel brought the author success and fame thanks to its most original concept, non-traditional for detective novels. Roger Ackroyd, a rich and respected man, was going to marry Mrs. Ferrars, a widow. But a short time before their marriage Mrs. Ferrars committed suicide living a letter with Dr. Sheppard, the local doctor, but the conversation did not take place. Soon after coming back home Dr. Sheppard was informed by a telephone call that Roger Ackroyd had been found murdered. The whole story is narrated by Dr. Sheppard.

Iris Murdoc has written novels, drama,philosophical criticism, critical theory, poetry, a short story, a pamphlet, and a libretto or an opera based on her play The Servants and the Snow, but she is best known and the most successful as a philosopher and a novelist. Although she claims not to be a philosophical novelist and does not want to philosophy to intrude to openly into her novels, she is a Platonist whose aesthetics and view of man and extricable, and moral philosophy, arsthetics, and characterization are clearly interrelated in her novels.

Murdoch began to write prose in 1953. She soon became very popular with the English readers. All her novels Under the Net, The Flight from the Enchanter, The Sandcastle, The Unicorn, The Red and the Green, The Time of Angels, An Accidental Man, The Black Prince, and many others are characterized by the deep interest in philosophical problems and in the inner world of man. Iris Murdoch shows the loneliness and sufferings of the human being in the hostile world.

Literary work.

The complicity of Murdoch’s style.

Iris Murdoch, was born in Dublin in 1919. She attended school in Bristol and studied philosophy at Cambridge, the two oldest universities in England. The for many years Murdoch was teaching philosophy at Oxford.

Early influences on her work include French writers and philosophers including Simone de Beauvoir, Simone Well, Jean-Paul Sartre, and Raymond Queneau, as well as Samuel Beckett. Her first novel Under the Net, a picaresque tale set in London and Paris, has extensive existential derivations, including the title, and she has said that this work was influenced by Beckett’s Murthy and Queneau’s Pierrot. However the novels soon move away from existentialism, for she does not believe that existentialism it regards man’s inner life. Although honest, intelligent, and well written, the novels of Iris Murdoch nevertheless lack clear definition. Hers seems to be a talent for humour, but she appears unable to sustain it for more than a scene or a temporary interchange. Her first novel, Under the Net (1954), fits into the humorous pattern set by Kingsley Amis in Lucky Jim (1954) and John Wain in Hurry on Down (1953). Her Jack Donaghue of this novel is akin to Amis’s Jim Dixon and Wain’s Charles Lumley, in that he maintains his own kind of somewhat dubious integrity and tries to make his way without forsaking his dignity, and increasingly difficult accomplishment in a world which offers devilish rewards for loss of integrity and dignity.

Jake is angry middle-aged man who mocks society and its respectability. He moves playfully around law and order; he does small things on the sly- swims in the Thames at night, steals the performing dog, sneaks in and out of locked apartments, steals food. He is a puerile existence in which he remains “pure” even while carrying on his adolescent activities.

The dangers of this type of hero, indeed of this kind of novel, are apparent, for when the humor begins to run low, the entire piece becomes childish. In Lucky Jim, we saw that as the humorous invention lost vigor, the novel became enfeebled because it had nothing else to draw upon. In her first novel as well as in The Flight from the Enchanter (1956) and The Bell (1958), Miss Murdoch unfortunately was enable to sustain the humor, and the novels frequently decline into triviality.

Another danger that Miss Murdoch has not avoided is that of creating characters who are suitable only for the comic situations but for little else. When they must rise to a more serious response, their triteness precludes real change. This fault is especially true of the characters in The Flight from the Enchanter, a curious mixture of the frivolous and serious. The characters are keyed low for the comic passages but too low to permit any rise when the situation evidently demands it. The comic novel usually is receptive to a certain scattering of the seed, while a serious novel calls for intensity of characterization and almost an entirely different tone. In her four novels Miss Murdoch falls between both camps; the result is that her novels fail to coalesce as either one or the other.

Graham Greene is one of the most outstanding novelists of modern English literature. He is talented and sincere, but at the same time his world outlook is characterized by sharp contradictions.

Greene’s novels deal with real life burning problems. His observations are concentrated on the actual details of poverty and misery. The author penetrates into weak spots in the capitalist world, does not try to find out the reasons for the evil he sees. Social conditions are shown only as a background to his novels. Neither does he try to comprehend the causes of spiritual crises experienced by his contemporaries.

Life of Graham Greene

Graham Greene was born in 1904. He was educated at an English School, the head-master of which was his father. His childhood was not at all happy; he describes this period of his life as “…something associated with violence, cruelty, evil across the way”.

In 1922 Greene became a student of Balliol College, Oxford. At the age of twenty-two he became sub-editor on the staff of a newspaper The Nottingham Guardian. It was during this period that his first novel, The Man Within, was written. From 1930 onwards his work as a novelist has been steady and continuos. In 1940 he became literary editor of the spectator and the year following entered the Foreign Office. During World War II Greene spent some years in Africa. It had been his cherished desire from childhood to see that continent.
In 1944 he wrote for an anti-fascist journal which was illegally published in France.

Literary Work

Some bourgeois critics class Greene among the ‘modernists’. They substantiate their classification by the fact that Greene’s works, like those of modernists, are marked by disillusion, skepticism and despair, and that the themes employed by Greene and the modernists are much the same. These critics fail to understand the real nature of Greene’s pessimism, which rests upon a deeply-rooted sympathy for mankind, a sympathy not to be found in the modernists.

Though Greene, like the modernists, deals with the problem of crime, his approach to it is quite different. Unlike the modernists, who are mostly interested in the description of the crime itself, Greene investigates the motives behind the crime. He gives a deep psychological analysis of his criminals by investigating the causes that led to murder.

According to his own words, Greene wants to make the reader sympathize with people who don’t seem to deserve sympathy. The author tries to prove that a criminal may possess more human qualities, that is to say, may sometimes be better at the core, than many a respectable gentleman. He doesn’t, however, always succeed in giving a truthful interpretation of the motives of the crime he deals with, though in his later works his approach to the subject becomes more realistic. He shows the corrupting influence of capitalist civilization on human nature, and tries to prove that many of the bad qualities in a person are the natural result of cruel, inhuman conditions of life.

Though crime and murder, the problem of ‘the dark man’, motivate many of Greene’ s works, the main theme of his novels is pity for man struggling in vain against all the evils of life; his longing for sympathy, love and friendship; his striving for happiness, which is inevitably doomed to failure.

In the thirties Greene’s protest against human suffering brought him to Catholicism, but he did not become a true Catholic. His novels The Heart of the Matter, A Burn-Out Case, The Comedians and many others reject the dogmas of Catholicism, and his talented realistic descriptions are more convincing than his ideology and Philosophy.
In The Heart of the Matter, a true Catholic, Scobie, commits suicide when he becomes aware of the fact that the church cannot free people from suffering. For this idea the novel was condemned by the Vatican.

Greene is known as the author of two genres – psychological detective novels or ‘entertainments’, and ‘ serious novels’, as he called them. The main theme of both genres is much the same (the problem of ‘the dark man’, deep concern for the fate of the common people. But in the ’serious novels’ the inner world of the characters is more complex and the psychological analysis becomes deeper.

During the 1970’s and early 1980’s, such writers as Greene, Lessing and Le Carre continued to produce important novels. New writers also appeared  D. M. Thomas blended fiction with actual events and famous people in The White Hotel (1981).

John Fowles combined adventure and mystery in such novels as The French Lieutenant’s Woman (1969), Muriel Spark’s novels, such as The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (1961) and The Only Problem (1984), are often comic but with disturbing undertones.

Perhaps the three leading English writers are graham Greene, Iris Murdoch and Agatha Christie, that is read and loved not only in her native country.